Latest Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing 2024
You search for the latest breakthroughs in quantum computing 2024 and land on a pile of loud headlines. One says a chip solved a problem in minutes that would take longer than the universe has existed. Another says encryption is about to fall. You want to know which claims are real and which are marketing. We checked each major claim against its paper, standard, or company report. Every item gets an evidence grade, so you can see how strong the proof is. You’ll also find what happened after 2024, up to October 2026, and what to watch in 2027.
Key Takeaways
- Google’s Willow chip showed error rates falling as the error-correcting code grew. That is the core result of the year.
- Logical qubits became the main scoreboard, with work from Microsoft, Quantinuum, and Atom Computing.
- NIST published its first post-quantum standards in August 2024. Those are final and ready to use.
- No quantum computer has yet beaten classical machines on a task that matters to a business.
- The 10 septillion-year figure comes from a test with no practical use.
Quick answer: The biggest breakthrough in quantum computing in 2024 was Google’s Willow chip. Google reported that its error correction improved as the code grew larger, a below-threshold result. Logical qubits from Microsoft, Quantinuum and Atom Computing, plus the first NIST post-quantum standards, rounded out the year.
Who Should Read What
| Reader | What you’ll get | Start at |
| Developer | Cloud tools, Qiskit and a 90-day learning path | Hands-on Learning roadmap |
| Security or IT | NIST standards and a six-step migration plan | Breakthrough #4, PQC quick-start |
| Investor | Evidence grades and a hype checklist | Scorecard, Real breakthrough checklist |
| Business leader | An eight-question relevance test | Business checklist |
| Student | Plain basics and a career path | Basics, Learning roadmap |
Then vs Now vs 2027
Three years of progress fit in one table. The 2027 column shows stated plans and reasonable expectations, not facts.
| Measure | End of 2023 | End of 2024 | October 2026 | Expect in 2027 |
| Logical qubits | 48 (Harvard, MIT, QuEra) | 24 entangled (Microsoft, Atom Computing) | Quantinuum reports dozens on Helios (vendor-reported) | Magne targets 50 logical qubits |
| Best two-qubit fidelity | About 99.8% (trapped-ion) | About 99.9% (Quantinuum H2) | 99.92% (Helios, vendor-reported) | Small gains, ion systems stay ahead |
| Verified advantage | Disputed 2019 claim | Willow random circuit sampling, no useful task | Google’s Quantum Echoes (peer-reviewed, one team) | First useful-task claims, with debate |
| PQC status | NIST drafts | FIPS 203, 204, 205 final | HQC chosen as backup key method | Migration deadlines tighten |
| Cloud access | IBM, AWS, Azure | Same, Willow limited to partners | Same, more error-corrected devices | More logical-qubit machines online |
The Latest Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing 2024 at a Glance
Quantum computing breakthroughs 2024 came from five areas: error correction, logical qubits, bigger chips, standards, and AI. The table lists each one by month with an evidence level. The grades are explained right after.
| Date | Breakthrough | Who | Evidence | Why it mattered |
| Jan | Origin Wukong, 72 qubits | Origin Quantum | C | A Chinese superconducting machine opens to users |
| Apr 3 | 4 logical qubits from 30 physical | Microsoft, Quantinuum | C | Logical error far below physical error |
| Aug 13 | FIPS 203, 204, 205 | NIST | A | First final post-quantum standards |
| Sep 10 | 12 entangled logical qubits, 22x better | Microsoft, Quantinuum | C | Larger logical register on H2 |
| Nov | Heron R2, 156 qubits | IBM Quantum | C | Lower errors, longer circuits |
| Nov | AlphaQubit decoder | Google DeepMind | B | AI reads error signals better |
| Nov | GPU noise simulation | Google Quantum AI, Nvidia | C | Faster hardware design cycles |
| Nov 19 | 24 entangled logical qubits | Microsoft, Atom Computing | C | Neutral-atom logical scale |
| Dec 9 | Willow, below threshold | Google Quantum AI | B | Scaling began to reduce errors |
One date to fix: the Harvard, MIT, and QuEra result of 48 logical qubits appeared in Nature in December 2023, so it belongs to 2023.
Our Evidence Rating System
The latest breakthroughs in quantum computing in 2024 are not equal in proof. We grade each claim.
| Grade | Meaning | Example |
| A | Peer-reviewed and independently reproduced, or a final standard | NIST FIPS 203 |
| B | Peer-reviewed, single team | Willow in Nature |
| C | Vendor-reported | Logical qubit announcements |
| D | Roadmap or claim only | Future qubit targets |
Awards like Physics World’s Breakthrough of the Year are useful signals. They don’t replace replication.
Quantum Computing in 2024 Explained: The Basics
A qubit is the basic unit of quantum information. A normal bit is 0 or 1. A qubit can sit in superposition, a blend of both states until you measure it.
Entanglement links qubits so one’s state depends on the other’s. Algorithms use these links to explore many paths at once. Decoherence is the enemy. Heat and stray signals destroy the quantum state, so coherence time, the length of time a qubit holds its state, matters a great deal.
Gate fidelity tells you how often an operation works. A two-qubit gate is the hardest operation, so its fidelity is the number to watch. Most machines today are NISQ devices, short for noisy intermediate-scale quantum. They run small jobs with many errors.
Fault-tolerant quantum computing is the goal. Such a machine corrects errors faster than they appear. Superconducting chips need a dilution refrigerator, which uses cryogenic cooling to reach a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. See our glossary for more terms.
Surface Code in 60 Seconds
The surface code is the error-correcting design Google used on Willow. Picture a square grid of qubits. Some store data. Others check their neighbors for mistakes.
The grid size is the code distance. A 3 by 3 grid has distance 3, then 5, then 7. A bigger grid catches more errors. If the hardware is good enough, the logical error rate drops with each size step. Below that quality line, bigger grids make things worse.
Graphic idea: three grids side by side with a falling error line beneath. Alt text: Surface code error correction explained, part of the latest breakthroughs in quantum computing 2024.
Breakthrough #1: Google Willow
Why Willow tops the latest breakthroughs in quantum computing 2024
Google Quantum AI announced the Google Willow chip on December 9, 2024. People ask how many qubits Willow has. The answer is 105. Google published the error correction work in Nature under the title “Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold.”
The team ran surface codes at distance 3, 5, and 7. Each step cut the logical error rate roughly in half, a factor of about 2.14. The distance 7 code, using 101 qubits, reached about 0.143% error per cycle. Its logical qubit lasted about 2.4 times longer than the best single physical qubit on the chip. Google also decoded errors live at distance 5.
This is the quantum error correction breakthrough that gave the field its first strong proof of error suppression through scale. Willow’s coherence time reached roughly 100 microseconds, about five times Sycamore’s, according to Google. Hartmut Neven leads the Google Quantum AI team. Our grade is B: peer-reviewed, from one team.
Willow still carries only one logical qubit in that test. Useful machines need hundreds, then thousands.
Headline Decoder: “10 Septillion Years”
Google said Willow finished a random circuit sampling task in under five minutes. Its estimate for the Frontier supercomputer was 10 septillion years, or 10 to the power of 25. The universe is about 13.8 billion years old. The estimate is roughly 700 trillion times that age.
Random circuit sampling asks a quantum chip to produce samples from a scrambled circuit. A classical computer must simulate every step. The test proves a quantum chip can do something hard to copy. It proves nothing about drug design, finance, or any real job. The number is also an extrapolation, not a measured run.
Breakthrough #2: Logical Qubits
What is a logical qubit? It’s a qubit built from many physical qubits working together, so errors can be found and fixed. The physical qubit vs logical qubit split is now the scoreboard. A machine with 1,000 noisy physical qubits may hold only a few good logical ones.
In April 2024, Microsoft and Quantinuum reported 4 logical qubits from 30 physical ones on the H2 system. In September, they reported 12 entangled logical qubits and a 22x gap between logical and physical error. In November, Microsoft and Atom Computing reported 24 entangled logical qubits on a neutral-atom machine, and operated 28 in total. All three results are vendor-reported (grade C).
The Harvard, MIT, and QuEra team, with Mikhail Lukin as a lead researcher, showed 48 logical qubits in 2023.
Resource estimates fell too. In 2025, Craig Gidney of Google estimated RSA-2048 could be broken with fewer than one million noisy qubits in under a week. His 2019 estimate was 20 million. No machine is close to that size.
Breakthrough #3: IBM Heron
IBM Quantum released Heron R2 in November 2024. It has 156 qubits and ran circuits with up to 5,000 two-qubit gate operations. IBM builds toward utility-scale experiments, where a quantum chip runs problems at the edge of classical reach.
IBM’s 2023 Nature paper used a 127-qubit Eagle chip. Classical groups later matched parts of that result, which shows why you should wait for replication. Developers reach these chips through Qiskit, IBM’s open software kit. IBM’s roadmap points to Starling, a fault-tolerant system with 200 logical qubits, in 2029.
Breakthrough #4: NIST Post-Quantum Standards
On August 13, 2024, NIST finalized three standards. Post-quantum cryptography NIST standards now include FIPS 203 (ML-KEM, for key exchange), FIPS 204 (ML-DSA, for signatures), and FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA, a hash-based signature backup). These are quantum-safe encryption tools that run on ordinary computers. Grade A.
Can quantum computers break encryption today? No. Shor’s algorithm, published by Peter Shor in 1994, would break RSA and elliptic curve keys. It needs a large fault-tolerant machine that doesn’t exist yet. The risk is harvest now, decrypt later. Attackers copy encrypted data today and wait for a machine that can read it. Long-lived secrets are the target.
In March 2025, NIST picked HQC as a backup key method. Chrome and Apple’s iMessage already use hybrid post-quantum protection.
Breakthrough #5: AI Meets Quantum
Quantum AI works in two directions. AI helps build better quantum machines, and quantum machines may someday help AI.
The first direction has real results. Google DeepMind’s AlphaQubit, published in Nature in November 2024, decoded surface code errors with fewer mistakes than the best earlier methods. Nvidia’s CUDA-Q software and GPUs help simulate noisy chips and run a hybrid quantum-classical workflow, where a classical computer handles most steps and calls the QPU for one hard piece. In 2025, Nvidia announced NVQLink to connect quantum processors to GPUs.
The second direction is quantum machine learning. No proven advantage exists yet. We grade it D.
Quantum Sensing and Communication in 2024
Quantum sensing uses fragile quantum states to measure tiny changes in time, gravity,y and magnetic fields. Atomic clocks and magnetometers are the main examples. Navigation without satellites is one target use.
Quantum communication sends keys using light particles. Quantum key distribution needs special hardware. Post-quantum cryptography needs only new software. Both exist, and they solve different problems. The United Nations named 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, which raised attention on both fields. A dedicated page on each will follow.
2024 Hardware by Qubit Type
Quantum hardware comes in several forms. Each quantum processor (QPU) trades speed, accuracy,y and size.
| Type | Examples | Strength | Weakness |
| Superconducting | Google Willow, IBM Heron, Origin Wukong | Fast gates | Needs a dilution refrigerator, cryogenic cooling |
| Trapped-ion | Quantinuum H2, IonQ | Highest fidelity | Slower gates |
| Neutral-atom | QuEra, Pasqal, Atom Computing | Large arrays | Slower cycles |
| Topological qubits | Microsoft Majorana | Built-in error resistance, in theory | Not yet proven |
| Annealing | D-Wave | Large qubit count for optimization | Not a general quantum computer |
Every quantum chip here is early. Scalable quantum systems need better qubit scaling, wiring, and control electronics.
Global View in 2024
Who is leading in quantum computing? The United States has the most visible lead. Google, IBM, Microsoft and Quantinuum all report major results. China pursues its own path through Origin Quantum and the USTC team behind the Zuchongzhi chips. Europe has Pasqal in France and strong public programs. Japan has RIKEN and AIST.
McKinsey’s Quantum Technology Monitor put quantum startup funding at roughly $2 billion. No country leads on every measure. The lead depends on whether you count qubits, error rates, software, or standards.
Quantum Computing in South Asia
India approved its National Quantum Mission in April 2023, with a budget of about 6,003 crore rupees running to 2031. It targets machines with 50 to 1,000 physical qubits. Pakistan’s work sits mostly in universities and the National Centre for Physics. Check each program’s current page before citing figures. Quantum cloud access means students in Pakistan and India can run real jobs without local hardware.
Which Latest Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing 2024 Actually Held Up?
Quantum computing progress in 2024 looks different two years later. Here’s the scorecard.
| Claim | Status today | Grade |
| Willow reached below-threshold error correction | Published in Nature; follow-up work continues | B |
| 10 septillion years | Google’s estimate; task has no use | B |
| 12 logical qubits (Quantinuum, Microsoft) | Extended on Helios, still vendor-reported | C |
| 24 logical qubits (Atom Computing, Microsoft) | Vendor-reported, Magne planned | C |
| NIST FIPS 203, 204, 205 | Final and in use | A |
| IBM utility experiments | Classical methods matched parts | B |
| Origin Wukong, 72 qubits | Vendor-reported | C |
| Quantum machine learning advantage | Not shown | D |
Predictions: What Experts Said vs What Happened
| Who | Forecast | What followed |
| Jensen Huang, Nvidia (Jan 2025) | Very useful quantum computers are 15 to 30 years away | He softened the view in March 2025 |
| Hartmut Neven, Google | Real applications within five years (Dec 2024) | Unproven, watch Google’s third milestone |
| Older RSA estimates | About 20 million qubits needed | Cut below one million in 2025 |
Optimists vs Skeptics
| Strongest case for near-term use | Strongest case against |
| Willow shows errors fall with scale. Gidney’s estimates keep shrinking. | Useful tasks need thousands of logical qubits. None are built. |
| Hartmut Neven argues applications can arrive within years. | Gil Kalai has argued that noise limits large systems. |
| Standards and hardware both advanced in one year. | Scott Aaronson has noted the Willow task has no practical use. |
Check every quote against its original source before you republish.
How to Tell a Real Breakthrough From a Press Release
Use these seven checks on any claim.
- Is a peer-reviewed paper linked? Willow passes. Many logical qubit posts don’t yet.
- Did anyone outside the team reproduce it?
- What is the logical error rate, not just the qubit count?
- How does the quantum chip compare with a strong classical baseline?
- Does the task have a real use?
- Are the error bars shown?
- Does the company state limits? Honest papers do.
Quantum Advantage vs Quantum Supremacy
Quantum advantage vs quantum supremacy is mostly a wording change. John Preskill coined “supremacy” in 2012 for tasks no classical machine can do. Many researchers now prefer “advantage” to avoid loaded language. Verifiable quantum advantage adds one more rule: others must be able to check the answer. Google’s 2025 Quantum Echoes result was framed that way.
Myths vs Facts
Quantum will replace laptops. It won’t. Quantum machines handle narrow tasks and need classical computers beside them.
It breaks Bitcoin today. No. The machines are far too small.
More qubits means better. Error rates matter more. A small clean chip can beat a large noisy one.
Quantum is magic parallel universes. Google’s Willow post mentioned that view. Physicists disagree on what quantum mechanics means, and the hardware works the same either way.
Quantum advantage means useful. The Willow task has no use.
Quantum is faster at everything. It helps on a few problem types, such as simulation and factoring.
Error correction is solved. Willow proved scaling for one logical qubit. Big machines are still ahead.
Quantum is a scam. Peer-reviewed hardware results exist. Hype around timing is the problem.
Real-World Use Cases That Actually Ran
| Org | What | Result | Status | Source |
| IBM with partners | Spin model simulation on 127 qubits | Classical methods later matched parts | Pilot | Nature, 2023 |
| JPMorgan with Quantinuum | Certified randomness on H2 | Verified output | Demonstration | Nature, 2025 |
| Microsoft with Quantinuum | Chemistry workflow with logical qubits, AI and HPC | End-to-end run | Pilot, vendor-reported | Company report, 2024 |
| Quantum Echoes with NMR data | Proof of principle | Research | Nature, 2025 |
No production system yet delivers quantum advantage for business use. Quantum simulation and quantum chemistry, including drug discovery, are the likeliest first areas.
Business Checklist: Is Quantum Relevant to Your Company in 2027?
Answer yes or no.
- Do you store data that must stay secret for 10 years or more?
- Do you use RSA or elliptic curve encryption?
- Do vendors hold your encrypted data?
- Are you in a regulated industry, such as finance, health, or defense?
- Do you run large simulations in chemistry or materials?
- Do you solve big optimization problems?
- Do you have staff who can run a small pilot?
- Does a customer or regulator ask about quantum readiness?
Yes to 1 through 4: start PQC migration. Yes to 5 or 6: pilot on cloud hardware. Yes only to 7 or 8: monitor.
PQC Migration Quick-Start
NIST’s draft guidance in IR 8547 proposed deprecating RSA and elliptic curve keys after 2030 and disallowing them after 2035. NSA’s CNSA 2.0 timeline sets January 2027 for new national security system purchases. Check both pages for the current status before you plan.
- List your cryptography. Find every place RSA and elliptic curves run.
- Rank by data life. Protect long-lived secrets first.
- Test NIST algorithms. Try ML-KEM and ML-DSA in a lab.
- Ask vendors. Request their post-quantum dates in writing.
- Use hybrid mode. Pair old and new methods during the switch.
- Set a timeline. Assign owners and review it twice a year.
What’s Still Broken
Error rates. Better, but logical errors must drop much further.
Size. Useful tasks need thousands of logical qubits.
Decoding speed. Software must find errors faster than they appear.
Hardware limits. Wiring, cooling, and control electronics grow hard at scale.
Few proven algorithms. Only a handful of tasks have a known advantage.
Talent. Skilled people are scarce.
Quantum vs AI vs Classical
| GPU and AI | HPC | Quantum | |
| Good at | Pattern learning, text, images | Weather, engineering simulation | Quantum simulation, factoring |
| Example task | Language models | Climate modeling | Molecule energy |
| Maturity | Widely deployed | Widely deployed | Early research |
| Access | Cloud and local | Centers and cloud | Cloud |
Latest Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing 2024 vs What Came Next
Recent advances in quantum computing built directly on 2024.
| Event | Date | Detail | Grade |
| Microsoft Majorana 1 | Feb 2025 | Topological chip claim, disputed by physicists | C |
| AWS Ocelot | Feb 2025 | Cat qubit chip aimed at lower correction cost | C |
| Gidney RSA-2048 estimate | May 2025 | Under one million noisy qubits | B |
| Caltech array | Sep 2025 | 6,100 atoms in tweezers, Nature | B |
| Google Quantum Echoes | Oct 2025 | Verifiable advantage claim on Willow | B |
| Nobel Prize in Physics | Oct 2025 | Clarke, Devoret and Martinis, for superconducting circuit work | A |
| Quantinuum Helios | Nov 2025 | 98 qubits, 99.92% two-qubit fidelity | C |
| DARPA QBI | 2025 | Smaller group moved to Stage B | A |
2027 Watchlist
The quantum computing 2027 outlook depends on these items. Treat the status column as a to-do for your own check.
| Item | What to watch | Status |
| Magne, Denmark | 50 logical qubits from Microsoft and Atom Computing | Verify |
| QuEra at AIST | Neutral-atom system in Japan | Verify |
| IBM roadmap | Kookaburra in 2026, Starling in 2029 | Verify |
| Third milestone, a long-lived logical qubit | Verify | |
| Quantum Echoes | Independent replication | Verify |
| Majorana | Proof of topological behavior | Verify |
| DARPA QBI | Stage results | Verify |
| NIST and NSA | Deadlines, January 2027 | Verify |
| Useful advantage | First claims on real tasks | Verify |
Distributed Quantum Computing
Distributed quantum computing links several small processors into one larger system. Links can use light or microwaves. Several companies, IBM included, pursue it because building one huge chip is hard.
Quantum-Inspired Computing
Quantum-inspired methods run on classical hardware. They borrow ideas such as tensor networks. They need no QPU and already help with some optimization jobs.
Who Is Building What
| Company | Modality | 2024 milestone | Latest known | 2027 target |
| Google Quantum AI | Superconducting | Willow | Quantum Echoes | Long-lived logical qubit |
| IBM Quantum | Superconducting | Heron R2 | Nighthawk, Loon (2025) | Kookaburra, then Starling |
| Quantinuum | Trapped-ion | 12 logical qubits | Helios | Sol, per roadmap |
| Microsoft with Atom Computing | Neutral-atom | 24 logical qubits | Magne in build | 50 logical qubits |
| QuEra | Neutral-atom | Follow-up to 48 logical | AIST system | Check company page |
| IonQ | Trapped-ion | Cloud systems | Check company page | Check company page |
| Pasqal | Neutral-atom | Roadmap work | Check company page | Check company page |
| D-Wave | Annealing | Advantage | Advantage2 | Check company page |
| Origin Quantum | Superconducting | Wukong, 72 qubits | Check company page | Check company page |
How to Get Hands-On
Developers can run real jobs today through quantum as a service. IBM Quantum offers Qiskit and cloud devices with a free tier. AWS Braket gives access to several hardware types on pay-per-use pricing. Microsoft Azure Quantum lists partner machines and tools. Check each provider’s page for current pricing and limits.
Learning Roadmap: 90 Days
- Weeks 1 to 3: Python basics.
- Weeks 4 to 6: Vectors and matrices.
- Weeks 7 to 9: Qiskit tutorials.
- Weeks 10 to 11: Run a job on a cloud device.
- Weeks 12 to 13: Join a community and read one paper.
Entry roles include research assistant, quantum software developer, and technical writer. Python, linear algebra, and clear writing are the core skills.
Conclusion
Willow showed that error correction can improve with scale. Logical qubits became the main measure of progress, and NIST gave security teams real standards. Looking back, the latest breakthroughs in quantum computing in 2024 gave the field its first proof that scaling can reduce errors, while useful advantage remains unproven. Start your PQC inventory now, run a free cloud job, and check the 2027 watchlist each quarter. Subscribe to our newsletter for updates.
FAQ
1. What were the latest breakthroughs in quantum computing in 2024?
Google’s Willow chip showed below-threshold error correction. Microsoft, Quantinuum, and Atom Computing demonstrated logical qubits. IBM released Heron R2. NIST finalized FIPS 203, 204, and 205. Google DeepMind’s AlphaQubit improved error decoding. Origin Quantum launched Wukong, a 72-qubit machine.
2. What was the biggest breakthrough in quantum computing in 2024?
Most researchers point to GGoogle’sWillow. The chip showed that larger error-correcting codes gave lower logical error rates, 2.14 times lower at each step. That result, published in Nature, answers a question the field had open for about 30 years.
3. What is a logical qubit?
A logical qubit is one reliable qubit made from many physical qubits. The group checks itself for errors and fixes them. A machine can have thousands of physical qubits and only a few logical ones. Logical qubits are the standard measure of useful progress.
4. What is below-threshold error correction?
Below threshold means hardware errors are low enough that adding qubits to the code reduces logical errors. Above threshold, more qubits add more mistakes. Willow was the first reported superconducting result, in Nature, to show clear improvement as the code grew from distance 3 to 5 to 7.
5. Has quantum advantage been proven?
Only on narrow tests. Willow beat a classical estimate on random circuit sampling, and Google’s 2025 Quantum Echoes claimed a verifiable advantage. Neither solves a business problem. Classical teams also keep narrowing earlier gaps, so useful advantage is still unproven.
6. Can quantum computers break encryption?
Not today. Breaking RSA-2048 with Shor’s algorithm needs a large fault-tolerant machine. Gidney’s 2025 estimate is under one million noisy qubits. Today’s chips have around a hundred. Attackers can still harvest data now to decrypt later, so migration matters.
7. Who leads in quantum computing?
No single leader exists. Google leads on error correction scaling. Quantinuum leads on two-qubit fidelity. IBM leads on cloud use and roadmap detail. Neutral-atom teams lead on array size. China’s USTC and Origin Quantum are strong competitors.
8. Is quantum computing real yet?
Yes, the machines exist and run on the cloud. They remain small and error-prone. They don’t yet beat classical computers on tasks that matter to business. Expect research value now and practical value later.
9. What is neutral-atom quantum computing?
Neutral-atom machines hold uncharged atoms in place with focused laser beams called optical tweezers. Lasers also run the gates. The method scales to large arrays, as Caltech’s 6,100-atom result showed. Gates run slower than on superconducting chips. QuEra, Pasqal and Atom Computing use it.
10. What should I watch in 2027?
Watch Magne’s 50 logical qubits, Google’s third milestone, and independent replication of Quantum Echoes. Check Majorana verification, DARPA QBI results and NIST and NSA deadlines. Treat the first useful-advantage claim carefully, and look for peer review and a strong classical baseline.
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